FACTORES DE RIESGO Y ESTRATEGIAS DE PREVENCIÓN EN LA INFECCIÓN DEL SITIO QUIRÚRGICO
UNA REVISIÓN NARRATIVA DE LA LITERATURA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65577/rs.v1i1.21Palabras clave:
Factores de riesgo, infección de la herida quirúrgica, prevención de enfermedades, profilaxis antibiótica, terapia de presión negativa para heridasResumen
La infección del sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) es una complicación posoperatoria significativa, asociada con mayor morbilidad y costos hospitalarios. Su desarrollo está vinculado a factores como las condiciones clínicas del paciente, las características del procedimiento y la adecuación de medidas profilácticas. La investigación de factores de riesgo y estrategias de prevención es clave para reducir su incidencia. Se realizó una revisión narrativa basada en artículos de los últimos 10 años en PubMed, Embase y Cochrane. Se incluyeron estudios clínicos, aleatorizados y observacionales que analizaron factores de riesgo, intervenciones y estrategias preventivas. La ISQ es más frecuente en países de bajo IDH. Factores de riesgo incluyen obesidad, diabetes, inmunosupresión, edad avanzada, tabaquismo y técnicas quirúrgicas deficientes. Los principales agentes etiológicos son bacterias gramnegativas como Escherichia coli y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. La profilaxis antibiótica combinada (vías oral e intravenosa) redujo la tasa de ISQ del 14,4% al 3,4%. Tecnologías como terapia de presión negativa, protectores de bordes de heridas, higiene estricta en quirófanos y enfoques multidisciplinarios mostraron eficacia. La profilaxis antimicrobiana, la preparación preoperatoria y el cumplimiento de protocolos estructurados son esenciales
para prevenir ISQ. Las nuevas tecnologías y estrategias integradas han demostrado ser prometedoras en la reducción de estas infecciones.
Citas
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